Introduction-to-Cryptography最新関連参考書、Introduction-to-Cryptography資格問題対応
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Introduction-to-Cryptography資格問題対応 & Introduction-to-Cryptography技術試験
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WGU Introduction to Cryptography HNO1 認定 Introduction-to-Cryptography 試験問題 (Q87-Q92):
質問 # 87
(What is a component of a one-time password (OTP) that is needed to guess future iterations of passwords?)
正解：A
解説：
OTP systems (such as HOTP and TOTP) generate a sequence of passwords using a shared secret and a moving factor (counter or time). The critical secret that underpins the ability to compute past or future OTP values is the seed (also called the shared secret key). In HOTP, the seed is used with an HMAC function and an incrementing counter; in TOTP, the seed is used with HMAC and a time-step value. If an attacker obtains the seed and knows the algorithm and moving factor, they can compute future OTPs. The "function" and "encryption algorithm" are typically standardized and public; security relies on keeping the seed secret. An initialization vector is not a standard OTP component in HOTP
/TOTP generation. Therefore, the component needed to predict future OTP values is the seed.
Protecting the seed is essential: it should be stored securely (e.g., hardware token secure storage) and transmitted only through controlled provisioning processes. If compromised, OTP becomes predictable and no longer serves as a strong second factor.
質問 # 88
(What is the significance of the Nobody But Us (NOBUS) principle in cryptography?)
正解：D
解説：
The NOBUS (Nobody But Us) principle is a controversial security notion suggesting that it is possible to introduce or maintain an access capability (often framed as a "backdoor" or exploitable weakness) that is effectively usable only by the party that designed it-typically a government or specific organization-while remaining infeasible for everyone else to exploit. In practice, NOBUS is invoked in debates about lawful access, surveillance, and exceptional access mechanisms: proponents claim that sophisticated entities can keep exploitation techniques secret and complex enough that adversaries cannot replicate them. Critics argue that this assumption is fragile because vulnerabilities can be independently discovered, reverse engineered, leaked, or eventually exploited as tools and knowledge spread. Moreover, once a weakness exists, it becomes a systemic risk: software and cryptographic systems are widely deployed and adversaries can invest heavily in finding and weaponizing the same flaw. Modern security engineering generally favors eliminating known weaknesses rather than relying on secrecy or assumed asymmetry of capability. Therefore, the best description of NOBUS is that a vulnerability is believed to be so difficult to exploit that only its creator can exploit it.
質問 # 89
(Which number generator has different results given the same input data?)
正解：D
解説：
A true random number generator (TRNG) produces outputs derived from nondeterministic physical processes (e.g., thermal noise, oscillator jitter, radioactive decay, or other hardware entropy sources).
Because the underlying phenomenon is not algorithmically determined by an input seed in the same way as a PRNG, repeated "inputs" (or identical conditions from a software perspective) do not yield the same sequence; the outputs vary unpredictably. By contrast, a pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) is deterministic: given the same seed and internal state, it produces the same output sequence, which is useful for repeatability but means security depends on seed secrecy and proper seeding.
"Prime" is not a generator type, and "sequence" is too generic and does not imply nondeterminism. In cryptographic systems, TRNGs (or hardware entropy sources) are often used to seed cryptographically secure PRNGs (CSPRNGs), combining high-quality entropy with efficient generation. Therefore, the generator that can produce different results for the "same input data" is a true random number generator.
質問 # 90
(Which encryption process sends a list of cipher suites that are supported for encrypted communications?)
正解：D
解説：
In the TLS handshake, the ClientHello message is the client's opening negotiation message and includes the client's supported cryptographic capabilities. A key part of ClientHello is the offered cipher suites list, which advertises combinations of key exchange, authentication, encryption, and integrity/AEAD algorithms the client is willing to use. The server responds with ServerHello, selecting one of the offered cipher suites (in TLS 1.2 and earlier) and confirming protocol parameters. Forward secrecy is a property achieved by using ephemeral key exchange (e.g., (EC)DHE), not a specific message that "sends a list." "Integrity check" is a security goal/mechanism, not the negotiation step. While TLS 1.3 changes the structure of negotiation (cipher suite list still appears in ClientHello but only covers AEAD and hash; key exchange is negotiated via extensions), the fundamental idea remains: the client proposes supported cipher suites in ClientHello, and the server picks compatible parameters. Therefore, the process that sends the list of supported cipher suites is the ClientHello.
質問 # 91
(What is the length (in bits) of a SHA-1 hash output?)
正解：B
解説：
SHA-1 (Secure Hash Algorithm 1) produces a fixed-size output of 160 bits (20 bytes). Hash output size matters in cryptography because it influences collision resistance and the effort required for various attacks.
For an ideal n-bit hash, finding a collision by generic means is expected around 2
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